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CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)

 The novel corona virus/covid-19 is thought to be arise from bats originally whereas it the covid-19 is believed to cause mutation in palogins and transferred to humans somehow.

Corona viruses are zoonotic which means they transfer between animal to animal, animal to human and human to human.

SYMPTOMS

The corona virus causes middle-eastern respiratory syndrome(mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome(sars-cov), symptoms like cold, pneumonia, and fever.

EPIDEMOLOGY

  • Usually occurs in winters and causes epidemic and pandemic as for 2020.
  • It affects mostly elderly people or patients suffering from previous underlying disease, but young people are also affected.
  • As for 2020 March the mortality rate is 3.7%

SARS-COV

The sars-cov was known to originate in 2002 and caused 10 percent death rate in affected patients. encodes 2 polyproteins namely ppla and pplb, with molecular weights of 450 and 750 KD, respectively. These polyproteins are cleaved to different functional proteins of spike, membrane, envelop, nucleoprotein, replicase, and polymerase (9-11)

TREATMENT OF SARS

Mpro is considered to be a suitable target for viral inhibitor development as an approach toward SARS treatment. As a homodimer with optimum activity at pH 7.5 and 42°C, the coronavirus Mpro, EC: 3.4.22.69, is highly conserved among Coronaviridae members exhibiting about 40% - 44% of sequence homology

Anti HIV-1 protease inhibitors

MERS-COV

The mers-cov was known to originate in 2012 and caused 34 percent death rate in affected population

One person affected with coronavirus or covid-19 can cause infection in 3 other persons by rationale.

CLASIFICATION

It is grouped into a family of CORONAVIRIDAE on the basis of their appearance.

STRUCTURE

The coronaviruses are pleomorphic or spherical enveloped particles with club shaped glycoprotein particles.

It has a positive single-stranded RNA nucleoprotein.

GENOME SIZE -> 29.7 kb

APPEARANCE

It has a crown or halo-like appearance of the glycoprotein envelope.

SEROTYPES

It mainly falls into two serotypes

  • OC43-like (229E-like coronaviruses can usually be isolated in human embryonic fibroblast cultures)
  • 229E-like. (OC43-like viruses can be isolated, or adapted to growth)

They cause independent epidemics of indistinguishable disease.

CLINICAL REPRESENTATION

The patient complains of acute upper respiratory tract infection in most cases it causes flu like symptoms, runny nose, sore throat and mild fever. Studies have shown that many patients have lost sense of smell while being affected.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

It must be differentiated from influenza virus and rhinovirus considering the early symptoms are same in both cases.

Following tests are performed to diagnose novel virus

  • PCR
  • Nucleic Acid Hybridization test
  • Laboratory diagnosis Antibody paired with sera

TRANSMISSION

  • Airborne- nasal mucosa
  • Oral route
  • Fecal route

REPLICATION

The virus replicates in differentiated respiratory ciliated epithelium cells, locally causing cell damage in epithelial lining and inflammation.

PATHOGENESIS

Infected cells become vacuolated, show damaged cilia, and may form syncytia. Cell damage triggers the production of inflammatory mediators, which increase nasal secretion and cause local inflammation and swelling. These responses in turn stimulate sneezing, obstruct the airway, and raise the temperature of the mucosa.

MULTIPLICATION

The virus enters the host cell, and the uncoated genome is transcribed and translated.

MECHANISM OF MULTIPLICATION

Its mRNA forms a nested set sharing a common 3’ end and forms buddings of new virions. Aminopeptidase-N and a sialic acid-containing receptor have been identified to act in such a role for 229E and OC43 respectively. After the virus enters the host cell and uncoats, the genome is transcribed and then translated. A unique feature of replication is that all the mRNAs form a “nested set” with common 3′ ends; only the unique portions of the 5′ ends are translated. There are 7 mRNAs produced. The shortest mRNA codes for the nucleoprotein, and the others each direct the synthesis of a further segment of the genome. The proteins are assembled at the cell membrane and genomic RNA is incorporated as the mature particle forms by budding from internal cell membranes.

HOW TO CONTROL ITS SPREAD AND TREAT?

As no vaccine is discovered the treatment mainly focuses on;

  • Supportive Treatment of common cold, fever and cough
  • Hygiene maintenance
  • Quarantine
  • Self-isolation
  • The main viral proteinase has recently been regarded as a suitable target for drug design against SARS infection due to its vital role in polyproteins processing necessary for coronavirus reproduction.

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