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RESPIRATORY DRUGS

 

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Classification

The drugs used to treat symptomatic coughing and irritation resulting from problems such as the common cold, seasonal allergies, and upper respiratory tract infections

  • Antitussives
  • Decongestents
  • Antihistamines
  • Expectorants and mucolytics

ANTITUSSIVES

  • Antitussive drugs are used to suppress coughing associated with the common cold and other minor throat irritations.
  • These drugs are combined with aspirin or acetaminophen to treat cold and flu symptoms.
  • Antitussives are usually recommended for short-term use in relieving symptomatic coughing.

Non-opioid antitussives work by inhibiting the irritant effects of histamine on the respiratory mucosa or by a local anesthetic action on the respiratory epithelium

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DECONGESTANTS

  • These are used to treat congestion, mucous discharge, allergies, runny nose, stuffy head sensation and common cold.

MECHANISM

  • Alpha-1-adrenergic agonist bind to alpha-1 receptors located on the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and stimulate vasoconstriction thus effectively drying up the mucosal vasculature and decreasing local congestion in the nasal passages.
  • These drugs, however, can mimic the effects of increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and can cause serious cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) excitation.

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

Decongestants may be taken orally to help relieve congestion that is affecting the nose, sinuses, and eyes or sprayed directly in the nose or instilled in the eye for a more local effect.

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ANTIHISTAMINES

Antihistamines are used for treatment of the respiratory allergic responses to seasonal allergies (hay fever)

MECHANISM OF ACTION

  • Antihistamines are drugs that specifically block the H1 subtype of histamine receptors; that is, the effects of histamine during allergic reactions, respiratory infections, and so forth are mediated primarily through the H1 receptor located on vascular, respiratory, and other tissues.
  • Although these drugs do not reverse bronchospasm associated with asthma, antihistamines may be used as an adjunct in patients with asthma to help control rhinitis and sinusitis
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MUCOLYTICS AND EXPECTORANTS

  • Mucolytic drugs attempt to decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions.
  • Expectorant drugs facilitate the production and ejection of mucus.
  • Expectorants and mucolytic are used in acute disorders ranging from the common cold to pneumonia, as well as in chronic disorders such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
  • These drugs are often used in combination with other agents (e.g., antitussives, decongestants, bronchodilators)

EXPECTORANTS

  • Expectorants are defined as medications that improve the ability to expectorate purulent secretions.
  • Expectorants do not alter ciliary beat frequency or muco-ciliary clearance.

MUCOLYTICS

  • Mucolytic are medications that change the biophysical properties of secretions by degrading the mucin polymers, DNA, fibrin, or F-actin in airway secretions, generally decreasing viscosity
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